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Independent Research Data

Peptide Research Reference Library

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This page is a standalone bibliography of published research on peptides and related compounds. It is not a product page, does not sell or promote any product, and is not linked to any product listing. Every reference below includes a direct, working link to the source (PubMed, PMC, the publishing journal, or for pending clinical trial data not yet in a journal the primary press release or ClinicalTrials.gov record). Content here is provided for general research and educational reference only.

1BPC-157

  1. 1.

    Józwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. "Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide Literature and Patent Review." Pharmaceuticals. 2025;18(2):185.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40005999/
  2. 2.

    Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. "Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review." Am J Sports Med. 2025.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40756949/
  3. 3.

    Mateescu DM, et al. "BPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic: Biopharmaceutical Challenges, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Development Barriers." Pharmaceutics. 2026;18(5):625.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42198317/
  4. 4.

    Lee E, Burgess A. "Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study." 2025.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
  5. 5.

    Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. "The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity." Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17:461.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11053547/

2TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

  1. 6.

    Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, et al. "Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians." Am J Sports Med. 2026;54(1):223-229.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/
  2. 7.

    McGuire F, Hughes E, Maak T, Cushman DM. "Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review." Appl Sci. 2026;16(12):6202.

    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/12/6202
  3. 8.

    Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. "Thymosin β4 Accelerates Wound Healing." J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113:364-368.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
  4. 9.

    Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Min H, et al. "Simultaneous Quantification of TB-500 and Its Metabolites in In Vitro Experiments and Rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS." J Chromatogr B. 2024;1235:124033.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/
  5. 10.

    Oliveira KS, Roldão JA. "Synthetic Thymosin β-4 (TB-500): Transforming Healing and Tissue Repair in Dentistry." Conference proceedings review, 2025.

    https://static.even3.com/anais/1367936.pdf

3CJC-1295

  1. 11.

    Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. "Prolonged Stimulation of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Secretion by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting Analog of GH-Releasing Hormone, in Healthy Adults." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
  2. 12.

    "Once-Daily Administration of CJC-1295, a Long-Acting Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Analog, Normalizes Growth in the GHRH Knockout Mouse."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822960/
  3. 13.

    "Pulsatile Secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) Persists During Continuous Stimulation by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting GH-Releasing Hormone Analog." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-4797.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018654/
  4. 14.

    "Qualitative Identification of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormones in Human Plasma by Means of Immunoaffinity Purification and LC-HRMS/MS." (anti-doping detection methodology for CJC-1295)

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830873/
  5. 15.

    Mayfield CK, et al. "Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians" covers CJC-1295/ipamorelin combination data. Am J Sports Med. 2026.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476424/

4Ipamorelin

  1. 16.

    Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. "Ipamorelin, the First Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue." Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
  2. 17.

    Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. "Efficacy of Ipamorelin, a Novel Ghrelin Mimetic, in a Rodent Model of Postoperative Ileus." J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329:1110-1116.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19289567/
  3. 18.

    "Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Study of the Ghrelin Mimetic Ipamorelin for the Management of Postoperative Ileus in Bowel Resection Patients." Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014. (Phase 2 human trial, NCT00672074)

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8
  4. 19.

    Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. "Influence of Ghrelin on Interdigestive Gastrointestinal Motility in Humans." Gut. 2006;55(3):327-333.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16216827/
  5. 20.

    "Ghrelin and Functional Dyspepsia." Review covering ghrelin-receptor agonist prokinetic mechanisms including ipamorelin.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20721353/

5Semaglutide

  1. 21.

    Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. "Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity" (STEP 1). N Engl J Med. 2021;385(1).

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  2. 22.

    Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. "Two-Year Effects of Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 5 Trial." Nat Med. 2022.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216945/
  3. 23.

    STEP-HFpEF Trial: "Semaglutide in HFpEF Across Obesity Class and by Body Weight Reduction."

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10504076/
  4. 24.

    Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Pérez M, et al. "Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity" (STEP TEENS). N Engl J Med.

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601
  5. 25.

    "Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity: A Review" (cross-trial summary of STEP 1,2,3,4,5,8). 2022.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254579/

6Tirzepatide

  1. 26.

    Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. "Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity" (SURMOUNT-1). N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3).

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
  2. 27.

    "Tirzepatide After Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Adults with Overweight or Obesity" (SURMOUNT-3).

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10667099/
  3. 28.

    "Weight Reduction Over Time in Tirzepatide-Treated Participants by Early Weight Loss Response: Post Hoc Analysis in SURMOUNT-1." 2025.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40677091/
  4. 29.

    "Tirzepatide Leads to Weight Reduction in People with Obesity Due to MC4R Deficiency" (SURMOUNT-1 genetic subgroup analysis).

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12532586/
  5. 30.

    "The Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Patients with Diabetes and/or Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials." 2025.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114739/

7Retatrutide

  1. 31.

    "Efficacy and Safety of Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and Glucagon Receptor Agonist, in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycaemic Control" (TRANSCEND-T2D-1). Lancet, 2026.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673626009670
  2. 32.

    Eli Lilly. "Lilly's Triple Agonist, Retatrutide, Delivered Powerful Weight Loss in Pivotal Phase 3 Obesity Trial" (TRIUMPH-1). May 2026.

    https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-powerful-weight-loss-in-pivotal-phase-3-obesity-trial-302778859.html
  3. 33.

    Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. "Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity A Phase 2 Trial." N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37366315/
  4. 34.

    Eli Lilly. "Lilly's Triple Agonist, Retatrutide, Delivered Weight Loss of Up to an Average of 71.2 lbs Along with Substantial Relief from Osteoarthritis Pain" (TRIUMPH-4). Dec 2025.

    https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-average
  5. 35.

    ClinicalTrials.gov record for TRIUMPH-4 (retatrutide, obesity/overweight with knee osteoarthritis).

    https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05931367

8NAD+ / NAD+ Precursors (NMN, NR)

  1. 36.

    "The Therapeutic Perspective of NAD+ Precursors in Age-Related Diseases." 2024.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38340651/
  2. 37.

    "NAD+ Precursor Supplementation in Human Ageing: Clinical Evidence and Challenges." Nat Metab. 2025.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
  3. 38.

    Brakedal B, Dölle C, Riemer F, et al. "The NADPARK Study: A Randomized Phase I Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation in Parkinson's Disease." Cell Metab. 2022;34(3):396-407.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35235774/
  4. 39.

    "Towards Personalized Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Supplementation: NAD Concentration" dose-ranging RCT, 80 adults.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38430946/
  5. 40.

    "Effects of NAD+ Precursor Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Humans: A Meta-Analysis."

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8932245/

9MOTS-c

  1. 41.

    Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. "The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance." Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454.

    https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(15)00061-3
  2. 42.

    Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C. "The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress." Cell Metab. 2018;28:516-524.

    https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30390-5
  3. 43.

    "MOTS-c: A Novel Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Regulating Muscle and Fat Metabolism."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216708/
  4. 44.

    "Mitochondria-Derived Peptide MOTS-c: Effects and Mechanisms Related to Stress, Metabolism and Aging."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36670507/
  5. 45.

    "Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Prevents Pancreatic Islet Cell Senescence to Delay Diabetes." Exp Mol Med. 2025.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-025-01521-1

10Epithalon (Epitalon)

  1. 46.

    Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. "Epithalon Peptide Induces Telomerase Activity and Telomere Elongation in Human Somatic Cells." Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937682/
  2. 47.

    "Overview of Epitalon Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties." 2025.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40141333/
  3. 48.

    "Overview of Epitalon Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties" (open-access version with mechanism figures).

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943447/
  4. 49.

    Korkushko OV, Khavinson VKh, Shatilo VB, Antonyk-Sheglova IA. "Peptide Geroprotector from the Pituitary Gland Inhibits Rapid Aging of Elderly People: Results of 15-Year Follow-Up." (randomized comparative study, epithalamin)

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22451889/
  5. 50.

    Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, et al. "Effect of Epitalon on Biomarkers of Aging, Life Span and Spontaneous Tumor Incidence in Female Swiss-Derived SHR Mice."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14501183/

11Semax

  1. 51.

    Dolotov OV, Seredenina TS, Levitskaya NG, et al. "The Heptapeptide SEMAX Stimulates BDNF Expression in Different Areas of the Rat Brain In Vivo." Dokl Biol Sci. 2003.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14556513/
  2. 52.

    Shadrina M, Kolomin T, Agapova T, et al. "Comparison of the Temporary Dynamics of NGF and BDNF Gene Expression in Rat Hippocampus, Frontal Cortex, and Retina Under Semax Action."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19662538/
  3. 53.

    "[Effect of Semax on the Temporary Dynamics of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Gene Expression in the Rat Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex]."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18756821/
  4. 54.

    Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, et al. "The Peptide Semax Affects the Expression of Genes Related to the Immune and Vascular Systems in Rat Brain Focal Ischemia: Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis." BMC Genomics. 2014.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987924/
  5. 55.

    Gusev EI, Martynov MYu, Kostenko EV, Petrova LV, Bobyreva SN. "The Efficacy of Semax in the Treatment of Patients at Different Stages of Ischemic Stroke." Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr. 2018.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29798983/

12Selank

  1. 56.

    Kolik LG, et al. "Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats." Bull Exp Biol Med.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36322304/
  2. 57.

    "Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects." 2020. (fMRI, 52 healthy participants)

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342318/
  3. 58.

    Volkova A, Shadrina M, Kolomin T, et al. "Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission." Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:31.

    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2016.00031/full
  4. 59.

    "GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells." Front Pharmacol. 2017.

    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2017.00089/full
  5. 60.

    "Selank Peptide Causes Changes in Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Rats in the Early Hours After Acute Restraint Stress." Nanobiotechnology Reports.

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S2635167624601335

13IGF-1 LR3

  1. 61.

    Tomas FM, Knowles SE, Owens PC, et al. "Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and Especially IGF-I Variants Are Anabolic in Dexamethasone-Treated Rats." Biochem J. 1992;282(Pt 1):91-97.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1130894
  2. 62.

    Tomas FM, et al. "Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Infusion Stimulates Organ Growth but Reduces Plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF Binding Protein Concentrations in the Guinea Pig."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7561636/
  3. 63.

    Tomas FM. "Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Analogue, LR(3)IGF-I, Ameliorates the Loss of Body Weight but Not of Skeletal Muscle During Food Restriction." Growth Horm IGF Res. 2001;11(2):92-103.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11472075/
  4. 64.

    "Intranasal Long R3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Treatment." 2024/2025 study.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39610283/
  5. 65.

    "Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy." Mechanism review covering IGF-1/IGF-1 LR3 signaling pathways.

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7564605/

14Tesamorelin

  1. 66.

    "Spotlight on Tesamorelin in HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy." 2011.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22050344/
  2. 67.

    "Effects of Tesamorelin (TH9507), a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Analog, in HIV-Infected Patients with Excess Abdominal Fat: Pooled Analysis of Two Phase 3 Trials with Safety Extension Data."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20554713/
  3. 68.

    "Effect of Tesamorelin on Visceral Fat and Liver Fat in HIV-Infected Patients with Abdominal Fat Accumulation: A Randomized Clinical Trial."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038357/
  4. 69.

    "Reduction in Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with an Improved Metabolic Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Tesamorelin."

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22495074/
  5. 70.

    "Body Composition, Hepatic Fat, Metabolic, and Safety Outcomes of Tesamorelin: A Meta-Analysis of RCTs." 2026.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41545261/

15GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)

  1. 71.

    Maquart FX, Bellon G, Chaqour B, et al. "In Vivo Stimulation of Connective Tissue Accumulation by the Tripeptide-Copper Complex Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Cu2+ in Rat Experimental Wounds." J Clin Invest. 1993;92:2368-2376.

    https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116842
  2. 72.

    "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data."

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/
  3. 73.

    "Skin Regenerative and Anti-Cancer Actions of Copper Peptides."

    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/5/2/29
  4. 74.

    "Copper–GHK Increases Integrin Expression and p63 Positivity by Keratinocytes." Arch Dermatol Res.

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00403-009-0942-x
  5. 75.

    "Expression and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Wounds: Modulation by the Tripeptide–Copper Complex Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Cu2+."

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15405147

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